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Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) are gentle giants that play a vital role in maintaining forest ecosystems by dispersing seeds and creating pathways for smaller animals. However, due to rapid deforestation and conversion of land for agricultural concessions, their home ranges have shrunk drastically, leading to frequent conflicts with local villages. Understanding Human-Elephant Conflict As…

The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is one of the most critically endangered large mammals on Earth. With fewer than 80 individuals remaining, all of which reside within the dense tropical rainforests of Ujung Kulon National Park, the survival of this prehistoric species hinges on strict habitat protection and active community vigilance. The Threat Landscape Unlike…